"BALOCHISTAN" Balochistan by Emotion_Sea

Balochistan has an 340.000 square miles with a population of nearly 10 to 20 million.Geagrophically, balochistan is a part of the balochi Iranian plateau and culturally, it forms part of south west Asia.
(1) Administratively the pakistani balochistan is divided into six divisions which are again sub-divided into twenty four districts.
(2) The country has a coast line of 700 miles along with perso-Oman Gulf on the south.On the west of pakistani balochistan lie the Iranian Makran, Sarhad, Garmsel, Registan and on the east lie sind, punjab and a part of the North west frontier parovince of pakistan. On the noth Afghanistan and the frontier province bound it.
(3) Balochistan lay on the cross roads of the routes joining central Asia, the middle east and south Asia, was famous in ancient history in the name of Gedrosia and was written about it in the days of caliphate by the arab geographers.
(4) After Alexander’s historic march through Makran and his untimely death, the territories of Balochistan came under the political influence of the Empire of Seleucus Nicator, his successor, and then of Chandragupta Mauriya.
(5) In the fifth century of the Christian era, the territory of Makran, remained in the hands of the Sassanian rulers of Iran.
(6) In 535 A.D Rai Chach, a Hindu dynasty conquered Makran and appears to have extended his conquests northwards toward the Helmand.
(7) The first contact of islam with Balochistan was through the Arabs.Islam which completely changed the soci-religious Oattern of Balochistan, came in the wake the beginning of 8th century A.D.
(8) After Arab domination od Balochistan. in the 10th century, the Buwahid brothers of Iranian origin tried to occupy the territories of Balochistan, but met with resistance by the Baloch tribes.
(9) In the 12th and 13th centuries, Masumi records the presence of the Baloches, during the reign of Mohammad Tughalaq (1326-27).
(10) Independent Baloch Kingdom was founded under Mir Abdullah Khan in 1714. His rule was exended from Helmand Valley (Seistan), in what in now southwestern Afghanistan, to Bander Abbas, what is now eastern Balochistan in Iran, from Dera Ismail Khan to Karachi, now parts of Pakistan. With the advent of British colonial rule over India, Balochistan came under their influence in 1876, and was partitionedamong Iranians and the British. Eastern part of Balochistan was further divided into British Balochistan, Balochistan states, while a part of Seistan was given to Afghanistan. The areas of Derajat and Jacobabad (khan Ghar) was demarcated and given to British India.

(11) The British tactic of indirect rule reached its most progressive and least cynical form in the 1870's through the so-called forwad Policy of sir Robert Sandeman.
(12) Sandeman, by diplomatic and sympathetic means managed to quell the chiefly feuds that periodically disrupt the affairs of the Khanate and to instiute certain broad-based social reforms (notably in the Jirgah or council systom for setting disputes). After his death in 1892, significantly while he was en rout to arbitrate a feude in Makran, sandeman's Policy under went a series of shifts, with emphasis begin placed now on increased than on greater kalat responsibility. In 1898 a general rising occured againgst the British, under Mehrab Khan Gichki, the Sardar of ketch Makran. The insurection ended with a defeat of the Makran forces in the Gokprosh hills located between Pasni & Turbat of souther Makran by a force of native troops under British Officers. Mehrab Khan Gichki had long cherished resentment at Sir Robert Sandemans interference in their adminstration.
(13) The English rule brought about some changes in Balochistan. It encouraged commerce and trade and the administration had created an abundance of new professions with social status and influence. The new educational institutions required teachers, the new legal system required Lawyers, the new medicine ruired physicians. All these gave rise to a middle class. The introtated the easy and quick movements and the intoduction of modern post and distances and helped in exchange of ideas. By the end of the 19th century. the political movements began to take shape. The western educated people began to feel that they should play more active part in
the country's administration. They were aspiring after constitutional and representative govenments about which they had learnt through English educatiob. During the first world war (1914-1918), when ottoman Turkey Joined against British, the Baloch tribes were approached by German agents directed by Niedermayer and Zugmayer. Arms were distribes of Western Balochistan and the tribes of Makran, Jahlawan, Marris and Khetran. The Baloch tribes fought until 1919 in favour of the Ottoman Caliph and his ally, Germmany. But all these attempts were crushed by the British with their military force as well with the cooperation of Mir Mehmud II, the Khan and the Baloch Chiefs of Eastern Balochistan who were in the pay of the British Government. At the same time as the Baloch tribes were in revolt, the Hijrat Movement was started by the Muslim ulema Calling for migration of British Indian Muslim to Afghanistan and Muslim Central Asia in order to put pressure on the British to change its anti-ottoman policy during and after Warld War I. The religious minded people and a few Baloch from Derajat, Jacababad, Nushki and Quetta migrated to Afghanistan.
(14) About the late twenties in Balochistan, there were curbs on expression of open political openions and there was on press. In 1927, Abdul Aziz Kurd and Nasim Talwi toghether started a newspaper called ''Balochistan'' in Delhi. It's existence was short lived. In 1929, Mohd Yusat Ali Khan Aziz Magassi, son of a tribat chief, wrote an article whih was published in lahore;s newspaper ''Mussawat'' under the title '' Feryad-e-Balochistan'' (Cry of Balochistan). In the article the demand for constitutional reforms was made He criticized the policies of the British govenment and the Prime Minister of Kalat State. Maggasi was arrested and sentenced for a year of imprisonment. Yousuf Ali was a wealthy young man, he sponsored a newspaper called '' Azad'' in Lahore, the editonship of which he gave to Abdul Aziz Kurd.

(15)1930, under the leadership of Mir Abdul Aziz, secret political organization called the ''jaman-e-Ittehad-e-Balochistan'' (Organization for the Unity of Balochistan) was founded On release from Qutta Jail in July 1931, Yousuf Ali Khan became one of its active members and leter its president. The aim of the organization was to work for aunited independent Balochistan. The demands for constitutional reforms in the state were initiated, in 1931, in the form of a movement against the prime Minister, Sir shams shah, a person from Gujrat. Sir Shams Shah wanted to replace Mahmud the Khan of Kalat, with his eldest son, a sick man,M. Anwar.
(16) The young members of the Anjuman, who were opposed to the despotic conduct of Shams Shah, Preferred Prince Mohammad Azam Jan, who was then under detention and agitated forcefully in his favour. The agitation was led by Yousuf Ali and came to be know, ''The Maggsi agitation'', At the same time, the Anjaman produced a pamphlet entitled '' Shams Gardi'' , which ultimately led to the down fall of the very powerful Sir Sham Shah. Finally on December 10, 1931 prince Mohammad Azam Jan became the Khan of Kalat, but the aims of the Anjaman remained unfulfilled,. In all these conditions the Anjaman continiued to work towards a constitutional govenment. The Anjaman had declared its goal for the stablishment of an independent and united Balochistan with a representative form of govenment on Sepetember 9, 1932. It wanted to separate Balochistan from British India and form an independent Muslim govenment in this country. Hence we must rememeber the fact that All India Mulim League had not yet formulated the demand for pakistan. Instead,, having faith in a united India, they were struggling for preservation of the rights of Indian Muslims. The Anjaman's demand for an independent Balochistan was strongly opposed by the Indian Muslim In fact, the Indian Muslim. Learders and their press had very little knowledge about the history. Culture and Political Status of Balochistan.
(17) At the end of 1932, Yousuf Ali Khan convened All India Baloch conference in Jacobabad. Mir Ali Nawaz Khan Talpur, the ruler of Khairpur, Presided over the conference ended with the Following deamands:
1_ The abolition of the frontier crimes Regulation.
2_ The establishment of a constitution govement in Balochistan.
3_ The establishment of industries in Balochistan.
4_ The establishment of colleges of advanced education in Balochistan.
5_ To unite the Baloch, that is to create the unification of the different parts of Balochistan.
(18) Mir Ahmad Yar Khan, th last ruler of Balochistan, ascended to the throne of Kalat on Deember 20, 1933 The new Khan was a supporter of the program and manifesto of the Anjaman. Consequently, his accession to the throne led to the development of more favourable conditions for persuit of his political objectires. Yousut Ali Khan Maggsi was killed in the Qutta earthquake at the Youthfull age of 27 In February, 1937. The Anjaman Balochan was replaced by the Kalat state National party under the chairmanship of Mir Abdul Aziz Hurd. The party struggled for restoration of political, social to the economic concessions to the people az laid down in thier rivaj or customs. In 1945 the party was amalgamated with the All India Congress. Before independence, this party refleted the political thinking for the nationalist Muslim and later of the congress. Ultimately.it gave birth to the Ustaman Gall, the peoples party, which in turn became the National Awami party of Pakistan.

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